Sorel held that society has a natural tendency to decay and become corrupt, and an idealist strong leader must come up to arrest the down fall of the society and lead the mass.
Gentile strongly recommended supremacy of totalitarianism state meaning total subordination of individual will and freedom to the authority of a leader representing the state authority. Ancient history has seen kings and monarchs of relatively smaller states wielding absolute power in state governance, but totalitarianism as modern history has seen in its full form came into existence only after World War I, after extreme right wing political parties came into power in Italy and Germany and communists took control of Russia.
The term totalitarianism was used for the first time by Giovanni Gentile, in after Mussolini of Italy climbed to the throne of power. The concept of comprehensive socio-political system developed by Gentile was held in high esteem by Mussolini, but Hitler of Germany and Stalin of Russia used the term to criticize one another. However the term gained popularity in the aftermath of cold war, by US historians Friedrich and Brzezinski in their essay Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy Although the two concepts are similar being authoritarian in nature and many a time used interchangeably, there lie some differences between the two.
This article is an attempt to focus on the clear distinctions as well as the intermingling areas between the two concepts of state governance. Fascism is an extreme rightwing authoritarian concept , where the state or the race is considered as an organic community, where loyalty to the state is absolute and uncompromisable.
The propagators of fascism instill a superiority complex and fear psychosis among the citizens against perceived enemies of the race or the nation as the case may be. As such the whole population is urged to stand behind the fascist leader in order to either protect the superior identity of the population or to defeat the enemy as perceived by the leader and his followers.
The propaganda machinery of the ruling class tactfully scripts unquestioned loyalty in the psyche of the population to the leader, where individuals believe that personal welfare of individuals is subordinate to the ideological vision of the organic community. Totalitarianism is a political concept where all the resources within the geographical boundary of the state are monopolized by the state and the whole population is mobilized to champion the cause of the state represented by a monopolistic political party.
Totalitarianism regimes aggressively take the role of guardian of the so called corrupt and immoral society and promise alternative form of government where the disorders of the society could be fixed. High decibel propaganda campaigns are undertaken by the regime to garner support of and dictate the citizens to come into terms with the regime. The state interferes with every activity of individuals and functioning of constitutional bodies, and thereby practically appropriating all civil liberties, in the name of state hegemony.
Fascist regimes use secret police force and party cadres to spy against the citizens from indulging in anti-regime thought, speech, propaganda and activities and encourage selective violence against perpetrators of such acts. A fascist however need not be a totalitarian in that the leader may or may not be interested to curb individual freedom so long as it is not ultra-vires to the concept of organic community. All the societal spheres like education, sports, health, business etc.
Fascist regimes resort to secret killings and often genocide of so-called inferior hostile races. Fascist leaders often wear feather of internationalism into their hats by supporting ethnic cleansing across the border in the name of ideological and racial solidarity, as seen in some east European and African countries.
Totalitarianism regimes, on the other hand mainly use government propaganda machinery to publicize the cause of the nation and spread half-truth or false stories about failure of other systems and success of the regime. A fascist regime, as seen in history, may come to power via democratic means, but is ardent opponent to applied democracy, and as such wants to grasp all executive powers whether constitutionally approved or not.
All the democratic or autocratic political forces in the society are ruthlessly suppressed by the fascist regime. A totalitarianism regime is more interested in authoritative power to curb civil liberty.
All of them have different characteristics and terms and we can see many different examples of every different form of government throughout the world. The two forms discussed below are fascism and totalitarianism. In history we can find the two ideology-based authoritarian systems that are totalitarianism and fascism in their pure forms. Nowadays they cannot be found in pure forms. They can be found as conjunction or mixture of other political ideologies.
About both these forms it is said, …show more content… No one can criticize the state. Secret police forces are developed. Media is censored to a high level.
Dictators rule through force and fear. Differences between totalitarianism and fascism: 1. Totalitarian states give equal importance to military and economic planning while fascist state gives more importance to military planning than economic.
Totalitarianism holds the authoritative power throughout the state while fascism beholds a great power to control any anti-regime activity. Examples of Totalitarianism: 1. After the Civil War ended, Stalin took over the country and started to rule by force. Initially Soviet Union was a nation of low level farmers but in his time period it became a powerful government of strong military and industrial strength.
However, due to his brutal actions towards people killed many of them. After World War I he took control over Germany. He imprisoned those who he thought were not from this race. Nazis targeted the Jews and killed them brutally.
Hitler was very harsh and rude towards his state. Racism was at its peak. He ruled from to. Show More. Read More. Arguments Against The Holocaust Words 4 Pages Nazis thought they were cleansing the world while others believed it was vile.
Examples of characteristics that might be present in a totalitarian state include:. Typically, the characteristics of a totalitarian state tend to cause people to fear their government. An authoritarian state is characterized by a strong central government that allows people a limited degree of political freedom.
However, the political process, as well as all individual freedom, is controlled by the government without any constitutional accountability. The government controls nearly all aspects of the economy, politics, culture, and society. Education, religion, the arts and sciences, and even morality and reproductive rights are controlled by totalitarian governments.
While all power in an authoritarian government is held by a single dictator or group, the people are allowed a limited degree of political freedom. Rarely employed since the end of World War II in , fascism is a form of government combining the most extreme aspects of both totalitarianism and authoritarianism. Even when compared to extreme nationalistic ideologies like Marxism and anarchism , fascism is typically considered to be at the far-right end of the political spectrum.
Fascism is characterized by the imposition of dictatorial power, government control of industry and commerce, and the forcible suppression of opposition, often at the hands of the military or a secret police force. To this end, fascists encourage the growth of cults of national unity and racial purity. Historically, the primary function of fascist regimes has been to maintain the nation in a constant state of readiness for war.
Fascists observed how rapid, mass military mobilizations during World War I blurred the lines between the roles of civilians and combatants. In addition, fascists view democracy and the electoral process as an obsolete and unnecessary obstacle to maintaining constant military readiness. They also consider a totalitarian, one-party state as the key to preparing the nation for war and its resulting economic and social hardships. Today, few governments publicly describe themselves as fascist. Instead, the label is more often used pejoratively by those critical of particular governments or leaders.
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